华泰宏观:美联储如期暂停加息,点阵图传递了利率维持高位更长时间的信号-股票-金融界

2023-09-21 20:25:22冉信骅
导读 核心观点北京时间9月21日(周四)凌晨,联储9月FOMC决议如期暂停加息、基准利率维持在5 25%-5 5%区间,点阵图传递了利率维持高位更长时间的

核心观点

北京时间9月21日(周四)凌晨,联储9月FOMC决议如期暂停加息、基准利率维持在5.25%-5.5%区间,点阵图传递了利率维持高位更长时间的信号(higher for longer),年内预计再加息1次,2024年降息幅度从4次削减至2次,2026年的利率维持在2.9%,高于联储对于长期联邦基金利率的预测(2.5%)。偏鹰派的指引推升了加息预期,截至北京时间凌晨5:00,相较于会前,美元上涨0.6%至105.4;标普500下跌0.9%;2年期和10年期美债收益率分别上升12bp和8bp至5.18%和4.40%;市场预计年内(11月或者12月会议)再加息25bp的概率从40%升至52%,联储首次降息时点从2024年7月推迟到2024年9月,2024年降息预期从70bp下调至58bp。

基本面方面,鲍威尔表示,增长超预期,劳工市场仍然紧张但供需失衡逐步改善,核心通胀有所放缓但仍远未达到2%的目标。鲍威尔称,软着陆是美联储的一个主要目标(primary objective)。增长方面,鲍威尔强调今年以来实际GDP增长超预期,尤其是消费者相关支出仍然强劲,且地产活动有所回暖,但高利率对企业固定资产投资的影响开始显现。就业方面,新增非农也虽然在放缓,但仍然较为强劲。通胀方面,核心PCE有所放缓,但距离2%的通胀目标仍然遥远(long way to go)。

加息路径层面,点阵图传递出利率维持高位更长时间(higher for longer)的信息,但鲍威尔也强调决策仍然依赖数据。9月点阵图指示美联储年内将再加息1次,与6月一致。同时,2024-2025年的利率预测均上调50个基点,其中2024年降息次数从6月的4次降至2次(图表2)。9月会议虽然没有直接上调长期名义联邦基金利率(即R*),但2026年政策利率预测为2.9%,高于R*的预测(2.5%)。鲍威尔在讲话中也表示,R*可能更高,但是联储目前并不清楚。此外,鲍威尔仍然强调点阵图不是一个计划,未来仍将依赖数据决策,关注是否有令人信服的证据显示通胀被控制住。

经济预测方面,美联储大幅上调2023年GDP增速预测,下调核心通胀和失业率预测,符合我们此前的判断(参见《9月或如期不加息、11月仍有变数》,2023/9/20)。2023年和2024年四季度GDP同比预测分别上调1.1pct和0.4pct至2.1%和1.5%(图表3)。2023年四季度核心PCE通胀预测下调0.2pct至3.7%。2023-2025年失业率分别下调0.3pct、0.4pct和0.4pct至3.8%、4.1%和4.1%。此外,联储首次加入2026年预测,美联储预计PCE和核心PCE通胀将在2026年回到2%。此外,经济预测显示美联储委员对通胀上行风险的担忧上升,对增长下行风险的担忧下降(图表4)。

往前看,我们的基准预测是,如果金融条件继续收紧、就业市场继续降温、通胀维持偏弱态势、消费有所降温,预计11-12月加息概率略低于50%,后续需要密切观察上述几方面数据的变化。中长期看,我们认为疫情后真实利率水平可能难以长期维持在高位(参见《真实利率能长期维持高位吗?》,2023/8/24),而美联储的预测显示其认为真实利率可以维持高位更长时间。正如,我们此前所论述的,两者之间的张力可能通过以下三个渠道来解决:1)增长边际走弱、联储调整鹰派立场;2)美元走强和/或资产价格回调收紧金融条件,降低联储进一步收紧的动力;3)长期通胀预期上升,压低真实利率。考虑到全球经济周期和资产价格走势,1)和 2)更可能成为真实利率下行的短期催化剂。

风险提示:高利率导致金融系统脆弱性暴露、联储政策收紧超预期。

附录:两次FOMC声明的对比

Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has been expanding at a moderatesolid pace. Job gains have been robust slowed in recent months but remain strong, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Inflation remains elevated.

The U.S. banking system is sound and resilient. Tighter credit conditions for households and businesses are likely to weigh on economic activity, hiring, and inflation. The extent of these effects remains uncertain. The Committee remains highly attentive to inflation risks.

The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2 percent over the longer run. In support of these goals, the Committee decided to raise maintainthe target range for the federal funds rate to at5-1/4 to 5-1/2 percent. The Committee will continue to assess additional information and its implications for monetary policy. In determining the extent of additional policy firming that may be appropriate to return inflation to 2 percent over time, the Committee will take into account the cumulative tightening of monetary policy, the lags with which monetary policy affects economic activity and inflation, and economic and financial developments. In addition, the Committee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities, as described in its previously announced plans. The Committee is strongly committed to returning inflation to its 2 percent objective.

In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue to monitor the implications of incoming information for the economic outlook. The Committee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate if risks emerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee's goals. The Committee's assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.

Voting for the monetary policy action were Jerome H. Powell, Chair; John C. Williams, Vice Chair; Michael S. Barr; Michelle W. Bowman; Lisa D. Cook; Austan D. Goolsbee; Patrick Harker; Philip N. Jefferson; Neel Kashkari; Lorie K. Logan; and Christopher J. Waller.

文章来源

本文摘自2023年9月21日发布的《联储如期暂停加息,指引偏鹰》

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